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    Etude des effets biologiques de la propolis de la région de Souk Ahras
    (2024) Ouahab Amina
    Propolis is a sticky substance that foraging Apismellifera bees get from the buds and resins of some plants. Its biochemical composition changes depending on the plant it comes from. Bees use it to construct and mold the hive. Because of its complex composition and wide range of associated activities, researchers continue to investigate propolis properties. The aim of this study is to enhance the value of propolis through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of its composition and by using in vitro methods to evaluate the biological effects of two samples of propolis collected from the regions (Lakhdara and Bendeda), located in the province of Souk Ahras in eastern Algeria. We carried out the extraction using a simple maceration method in a solution of 70% ethanol and 70% acetone (Solvent/Water; 70/30; v/v), resulting in four distinct extracts EEP1, EAP1, EEP2, and EAP2. The extraction yield varies from 18.32% to 34.54%, indicating that it is dependent on both the extraction solvents and the geographical origin of the propolis. The quantitative analysis showed that these extracts were very high in phenolic compounds. The concentrations of total polyphenols reached 211.06 μg GAE/mg, flavonoids reached 91.18 μg EQ/mg, and condensed tannins reached 83.87 μg TAE/mg. We used chromatographic techniques (GC/MS and HPLC/MS) to characterize and identify these compounds. The results showed that they contained terpenes, cinnamic acids, phenols, and flavonoids like caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin, chrysin, and catechin. Additionally, we observed that all extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity, as evidenced by a strong radical scavenging effect for DPPH, ABTS, and GOR, as well as a high reduction capacity in the presence of copper and iron ions (CUPRAC, PR, and phenolthroline methods). The CI50 values (DPPH = 3.49 μg/ml, ABTS = 3.11 μg/ml, GOR = 16.08 μg/ml) and A0.5 values (CUPRAC = 4.63 μg/ml, PR = 7.43 μg/ml, Phen = 10.25 μg/ml) were noteworthy for the most active extract. The EEP2 and EAP2 extracts possess an inhibitory potential of the actylcholinesterase enzyme with CI50s of 10.00 and 11.38µg/ml, respectively. Using the method of thermal denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), the study of propolis'sin vitro anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated the ability of all extracts to inhibit protein denaturation. The observed inhibition rates range from 91.01% to 97.04%, compared to the standard sodium diclofenac, which has an inhibition rate of 98.09%. Furthermore, the crude propolis extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphlococcusaureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans. The EEP1 and EAP1 extracts had an interesting effect on the Gram-positive strain Bacillus cereus. They had inhibition zones of 15 mm and 13 mm, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 6.25 mg/ml for EEP1 and 12.5 mg/ml for EAP1. On the other hand, the effect is less significant on the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (9 mm, MIC = 50 mg/ml). The rest of the bacteria showed some resistance. The propolis extracts showed strong inhibitory activity against the phytopathogenic fungi that were tested, highlighting their antifungal properties. The ethanolic extract (EEP2) was the most effective, showing inhibition rates of up to 73% against Fusariumoxysporum f. s. lycopersici and 69% against Botrytis cinerea.