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Type d'Item :Item, Mathematical Logic(2025-12-03) AMROUCH SihamThe study of logic was initiated by Aristotle, who sought a systematic way to expose the false reasoning of sophists. The latter were highly educated orators with great eloquence. Their goal was to convince the audience through their speeches, whether these were true or not. Thus, the role of philosophers was the search for truth, while that of the sophists was the pursuit of persuasion. Logic is seen as the analysis of reasoning methods where we focus on the form (syntax) rather than the content (semantics) of the argument. Mathematical logic thus originated from an attempt to codify and formalize the language of mathematics, its basic assumptions, and the permissible rules of proof. Although logic is the foundation of all other studies, its fundamental character (perhaps due to its focus on form rather than content) and apparently self-evident nature discouraged any indepth logical research until the end of the 19th century. Then, driven by the discovery of nonEuclidean geometry and the desire to provide a rigorous foundation for calculus and higher analysis, interest in logic revived. This new interest, however, was still quite lukewarm until, at the turn of the century, the mathematical world was shocked by the discovery of paradoxes.Type d'Item :Item, Algorithms and Data Structure 2(2026-02-16) Dr. Gasmallah NoureddineIn this, students will have the opportunity to use subroutines to allow more re-usability and reduction of the code. Procedures and functions, are examples of sub-algorithms or subprograms, and are very important in writing codes. Student will have to be able to detect the need and the way of their manipulation in order to ensure more reuse. This course introduces also the concept of files and their manipulations using specific operations in File Management System. The student will know at the end of this chapter how to store information and how to extract it to allow desired manipulations. In addition, students will learn about the manipulation of different data structures for dynamic memory allocation.Type d'Item :Item, محاضرات في تحرير الشكاوي الدولية(2025-12-14) بن عبد الكريم مريمللقانون الدولي لحقوق الانسان آلية تقديم الشكوى بغية مراقبة مدى التزام الدول لحقوق الانسان الواردة في الاتفاقيات الدولية؛ غير أن آلية تقديم الشكوى في مجال حقوق الانسان لم تكن على شاكلة واحدة وانما اتخذت أشكالا وطرقا اختلفت باختلاف طبيعة الاتفاقيات والهيئات المعنية بحقوق الانسان. آلية تقديم الشكوى أمام مجلس حقوق الانسان اتخذت منهجا جديدا يتناسب وحجم التبعات الملقاة على عاتق المجلس لحماية حقوق الانسان وتعزيزها. فقد جاء المرفق 5/1 الخاص ببناء مؤسسات حقوق الانسان بإجراءات وطرق تفصيلية الشكاوى حيال الانتهاكات الجسيمة والمنهجية لحقوق الانسان.Type d'Item :Item, Thermodynamique Chimique(2018-11-04) Zeroual SabrinaLe cours permet d’acquérir certaines notions fondamentales en thermodynamique facilitant ainsi une meilleure maitrise des concepts fondamentaux appliqués dans le domaine d’ingénierie thermique. Le polycopié est réparti en sept chapitres : Le premier chapitre: Généralités sur la thermodynamique avec un rappel de notions mathématiques ainsi que quelques définitions en rapport avec la thermodynamique en général. Le deuxième chapitre : Température, Chaleur, travail et Calorimétrie Le troisième chapitre : Enoncé du premier principe de la thermodynamique. Le quatrième chapitre : Applications du premier principe dans les réactions chimiques : Thermochimie. Le cinquième chapitre : Second principe de la thermodynamique -Machines thermiques Le sixième chapitre :Troisième principe de la thermodynamique - Entropie. Le septième chapitre : Energie et enthalpie libre – Critères d’évolution d’un système L’ensemble des exercices résolus devrait permettre aux étudiants un entrainement efficace dans le souci de faciliter au maximum la compréhension des cours et des TD et par conséquent à l’effet de consolider leurs connaissances. Comme pour tous les exercices autocorrectifs, les solutions profitent plus aux étudiants qui fournissent l’effort nécessaire pour réfléchir et essayer de résoudre les exercices proposés.Type d'Item :Item, علاقة الذاكرة العاملة بالمهارة اللغوية –قراءة و كتابة- وتأثيرهما في تحسين اللغة الشفهية عند الشخص المصاب بحبسة بروكا اقتراح بروتوكول علاجي(جامعة الجزائر 2, 2024-05-16) سليماني هدىThe goal of this study is to investigate and identify the relationship relationship between working memory and linguistic skills (reading and writing) and their impact on improving oral language in individuals with Broca's aphasia. Our contribution centered on a pre- and post-study with the application of a proposed therapeutic protocol. We studied the pre and post correlation between working memory and linguistic skills (reading and writing), followed by an analysis of the differences statistically significant between pre- and post-tests of linguistic skills and working memory, and their impact on improving oral language in individuals with Broca's aphasia. The study sample included 22 patients with Broca's aphasia, intentionally selected. The methodology used was semi-experimental, suitable for this type of study. To validate our hypotheses, several tests were employed, In the statistical tools, we used Pearson's correlation coefficient to study the relationship and the t-test between two correlated samples (paired t-test) to examine the differences statistically significant. The results confirmed a significant positive correlation between the the working memory test and those of the written linguistic skills test. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the differences statistically significant between the pre- and post-test results for linguistic skills and working memory, indicating their impact on improving oral language in individuals with Broca's aphasia. In conclusion, these results enhance our understanding of the language improvement process in individuals with Broca's aphasia and pave the way for proposing indicators for therapeutic strategies and future research prospects.