Doctoral theses
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Item Efficacité de quelques extraits botaniques à l’égard de Culex pipiens L. (Diptera : Culicidae) ; Caractérisation chimique, Toxicité, Biochimie et Reproduction(2024) Draouet ChaimaMosquitoes are the most medically important vector borne disease arthropods. Unfortunately, their resistance to conventional insecticides is a growing global threat that needs to be addressed. Plant-derived pesticides are biodegradable, ecofriendly, and could be an alternative to synthetic pesticides. The present study was designed to explore the insecticidal effect of ethanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae) and Lantana camara(Verbenaceae). Results of the larvicidal activity of different extracts were estimated against newly molted fourth-instar larvae (L4) of CulexpipiensL. (Diptera: Culicidae). According to the calculated lethal concentrations (LC30 and LC50), the ethanolic extract of L. camaraflowers was the most toxic with an LC50 = 1.48% compared to the other extracts. The extracts affected the growth and development of Cx. pipiens. L. camaraand B. officinalis leaf extracts decreased the body weight of the studied instars and significantly prolonged L4 and pupal development durations, and females appeared more sensitive. In addition, whole-body biochemical analyses of the different developmental instars indicated a significant decrease in energy reserve levels (carbohydrates and lipids) and an increase in proteins in females following application of the four extracts. Neurotoxicity (inhibition of specific AChE activity) was revealed in L4 treated with the extracts, with a more pronounced effect with B. officinalis. B. officinalis leaf extract deviated the sex ratio of adults in favor of males. Also, wing length of both sexes and reproductive potential (fertility and fecundity) were significantly decreased in adults from L4 treated with the ethanolic extract of L. camara flowers. The detoxification system (GST induction) was induced during the first 24h with L. camaraand during 48h with B. officinalis. The ethanolic extracts of the leaves of B. officinalisand the flowers of L. camararevealed significant contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins, with a very significant antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory activity was identical. The results reveal that the extracts of both tested plants could be used to control mosquito larvae and adults, instead of conventional insecticides. Further studies must be conducted to identify the active components and their mode of action.Item Valorisation des plantes médicinales à viseés thérapeutique vétérinaire étude de l'activité antimicrobienne(2024) Djebrane ChahineseOur study consists to valorize the veterinary use of medicinal plants, through the evaluation of the situation of their uses and the appreciation of the plants as animal medication. The work begins with an exploratory survey to give an idea of the interest in the practice of phytotherapy among professionals of veterinary medicine as well as the pharmacovigilance among them; Then an analytical part which aims to evaluate some biological characteristics and chemical composition of some extracts (essential oils) of plants of the traditional Algerian pharmacopoeia, in this case Pistacia lentiscus and Myrtus communis, this component also lead by a histological study of plants Lavandula stoechas and Myrtus communis, to determine the internal structure of the leaves and to identify the secretive sites of each selected medicinal plant Finally, a clinical part carried out by evaluating the biological antibacterial and antifungal effect of some extracts (essential oils) of plants of the traditional Algerian pharmacopoeia, in this case Pistacia lentiscus. The results obtained indicate a relatively important prescription of conventional drugs in livestock, namely cattle and sheep. According to the statements of various practitioners solicited, despite the rare practices in the bovine sector, the use of medicinal plants (phytotherapy) in veterinary medicine remains far below the world average. The yield of plants in essential oils very low, a heterogeneous organoleptic quality in the same region some components of have been identified by thin layer chromatography and the histological study of leaves shows the presence of secretory sites at the level of the leaves of Lavandula stoechas and Myrtus communis. The results of the study of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus show that the activity of half of the bacterial strains used is inactivated by the essential oil of the mastic tree, for the antifungal activity is almost null. And for the antifungal study on dermatophyts show that the essential oil, exhibit a different inhibitory activity depending on the origin and concentration of essential oil.Item Caractérisation phytochimique de l’orge nue hydroponique, analyse du potentiel antioxydant et étude de la tolérance au stress salin.(2024) Bechiri RomayssaT he effect of salinity on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters was studied in nine varieties, three varieties of durum wheat (AinLahma, Cirta, Wahbi), three varieties of soft wheat (Boumrzougue, Akamoukh, Massin) and two varieties of dressed barley (Saida, Barbrous) including the new variety of naked barley (Chaiirennabi), under three concentrations (4.2g/l, 6g/l and 12g/l) of NaCl in a hydroponic culture. The response of these nine varieties and with a comparative analysis of morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters, it was noted that there is a positive correlation between leaf area, relative water content and total chlorophyll content, as well as a correlation regarding the variety-treatment interaction. However, salt treatment caused a decrease in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and specific leaf surface area, fresh and dry weight of roots. The results showed a better tolerance to salinity of the Barbarous (Ob) barley variety. This tolerance was manifested by the lowest decrease in biomass, number of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll "a" and chlorophyll "b" contents and specific leaf surface area and root length, and a high increase in proline. The aim of this quantitative and qualitative study is to compare the new naked barley variety with other cereals. Regarding the richness in phytonutrients mainly including flavonoids, polyphenols, condensed tannins, the antioxidant power was tested according to the DPPH method of free radical scavenging. The results obtained from the quantitative study of methanolic extracts show that varieties rich in tannins and flavonoids have a significant antioxidant activity compared to a variety rich only in total polyphenols. The results reported the existence of a very highly significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean inhibition concentrations (IC50) of the new variety ChaiirEnnabi (naked barley) compared to ascorbic acid, which shows a low antioxidant activity of this variety. The Barbarous barley variety (dressed barley) is the only variety that has an IC50 does not differ statistically with the ascorbic acid reference with a significant inhibition percentage (76.49%) therefore a significant antioxidant activity, and high contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and even tannins. The results obtained show that the phytochemical composition varies greatly between the different cereal samples analyzed, and confirm that the antioxidant activity (DPPH or percentage of inhibition) is more correlated with the content of phenolic compounds. Qualitative studies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of these compounds allow us to visualize phenolic traces of our extracts. The different peaks in the different chromatographic profiles can be classified into three phenolic groups which are: Flavone derivatives (Catechin, rutin, keampherol), cinnamic acid derivatives (ferulic acid, P.Coumaric acid, O.Coumaric acid), and benzoic acid derivatives (protocatechuic acid, benzoic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid; the latter seem to be the majority). For the naked barley variety, the methanolic extract also contains substances belonging to the flavone and flavonol family, as well as phenolic acids. Keampherol, keampherol glycosyl, pholoroglucinol, vanillic acid are the main molecules identified in this variety and potentially interesting for their biological properties.Item Effet des extraits du Figuier de Barbarie ( Opuntia- Ficus- indica) sur le dévloppement des lapins ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS(2024) Bouguerche FaizaDue to multiple uses of Opuntia Ficus Indica, we dedicated a quantitative study following a biological analysis on seeds, or this species was collected on Out 2021 from the area of Sidi-Fredj wilaya of Souk-Ahras (North-East Algeria). In the present study, the chemical analysis of the seeds powder of barbaric fig seeds reveals a moisture percentage of 92% of the dry matter. A yield of 4.36±0.57 and 5.76±0.55 for hydromethanol extract and ethyl acetate respectively. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of certain secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, amines, polyphenols and steroids, and the absence of others such as reducing sugars and quinones, in the different types of extracts. The quantitative analysis was carried out on four types of organic extracts; Methanol, Ethyl Acetate, Ethanol and Hexane, passed by the dosage of Tanins, Flavonoids, and Total Polyphenols. The results obtained from quantitative analyses show that the methanoic extract still has higher values for the three dosages, (316ug/ml±14,42; 182,51ug/ ml±2,18; 454,33ug/mL±2,08 respectively), following the ethyl acetate (283,38ug/ mL±1,19; 118,33g/m L±1,52; 409,4ug/ML±0,52 respectively). Antioxidant power in vitro was estimated by total antioxidant activity, it shows that ethyl acetate and methanol have moderate activity by intake of hexan and ethanol (3.91ug/ml±0.74; 3.56ug/mL±1.15; 3.27ug/ML±0.11; 3.01ug/ms±1.02 respectively), the FRAP iron reduction test has an CI50 of 22.09ug/mm±2.73 in methanole as the most active extract, that of Ascorbic acid 1.21ug/mg±0.36 as positive test indicators.For the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryi-hydrazyl radical reduction test the ethanol extract has an CI50 of 2.19ug/ml±1.16 as the next highest value of Ethyl Acetate with an IC50 of 1.93ug/mL±0.54With regard to the beta-carotene bleaching test the important anti-radical activity is observed in methanol following ethyl acetate (%AA = 2,04ug/ml±0,46; 1,82ug/mL±0,33 respectively). On the other hand, the in vivo study on rabbits OryctolagusCuniculs treated with the feed from seed ‘the turtles, shows a better evolution of the rabbit weight under feeding for the improvement of weight gain, nutritional efficiency and carcass yield in rabbis at the age of 71 days Best dietary and organoleptic quality of rabbit meat species. Biochemical analyses show disturbances in some parameters and decreases in others. It is concluded that the fig tree is a highly sought after plant in various industries, and in the feeding of cattle. Further studies on its nutritional effectiveness and how it is used in animal feeding are recommended for better valorisation of this plant.Item Evaluation of the toxicity of some fertilizers on an animal model bioindicator of pollution ( earthworms). " Evalution de la toxicité de quelques engrais sur un modèle animal bioindicateur de pollution ( vers de terre)."(2024) Aouaichia KhaoulaThe present study applied the adult earthworm species Aporrectodeatrapezoides (Dugès, 1828) as a sentinel bioindicator for assessing the potential risks of ammonium sulfate (AS) and potassium nitrate (NK) fertilizers. Two complementary toxicity tests (lethal and sub-lethal) were conducted in order to determine : the 50 lethal concentration (LC) values of both fertilizers, growth rate, morphological aspect, total protein content, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress biomarkers, as well as the histological alterations in diverse body regions of worm. The lethality tests revealed significantly that the 50 LC values of both AS and NK fertilizers at 14 days (2698.67 and 4955.70 mg/kg of dry soil weight (d.s.w.)) are inferior to the 50 LC values at 7 days (4831.13 and 5530.43 mg/kg d.s.w.), respectively, and that AS fertilizer are more toxic to A. trapezoids than NK fertilizer. Indicates evidently strong toxicological effects at long exposure periods, even with low concentrations. Notably, earthworms exhibited a significant reduction in growth rate under different concentrations (of both AS and NK fertilizers) and exposure time-dependence. Severe morphological alterations were accentuated mainly with increasing concentrations of both AS and NK fertilizers. In addition, an induced depletion of total protein content instigates the activation of the detoxification system through a decrease in GSH levels, accompanied by an increase in GST and GPx activities, and an induction of CAT activity and MDA levels in A. trapezoides under different concentrations and time exposure dependence. Finally, sharp histological texture destruction was observed at different body parts of the worm (body wall, pharynx, digestive tract, and intestinal wall). The study highlights the strong relationship between concentrations and exposure time responses of such inorganic fertilizers and underscores the ability of A. trapezoides earthworm as a valuable biological control agent for soil toxicity. Decisively, this research contributes to the use of biomarkers in evaluating soil toxicity and the biological control of environmental risk assessment that associated with chemical fertilizers.Item Portulaca oleracea L. des zone arides: étude écologique,enquête ethno-pharmacologique et formulation galénique(2024) Bousbia Brahim AidaThis research was conducted to study the valorization of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) from the Algerian Southeast Sahara region. The study involved ethnopharmacological, ecological, physiological, phytochemical, and therapeutic aspects, culminating in the development of a galenic (pharmaceutical) formulation using the plant's roots and aerial parts. The ethnopharmacological survey provided crucial information about the use of purslane in cuisine and traditional medicine, including its anti-inflammatory, dental, antiseptic, and anticarcinogenic properties. The ecological assessment showed high diversity and balanced distribution of purslane across the studied locations, with around 60% similarity between the biological communities. The physiological study revealed that purslane is rich in organic and mineral matter, particularly in the aerial parts. It has the ability to regulate moisture and adapt to dry conditions. The carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and crude fiber contents varied between the plant parts. The phytochemical analysis identified phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid, naringin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid, with higher levels in the roots compared to the aerial parts. The antioxidant activity was higher in the aerial parts, while the root extracts exhibited stronger antibacterial properties. The galenic formulation study showed that creams made with purslane, using either vaseline or lanolin as a base, as well as the plant's mucilage, were more effective than the pharmaceutical reference creams used as positive controls. Statistical analysis indicated that the lanolin-based creams at different concentrations were the most effective, with an optimal healing rate achieved at a concentration of 9.6%. In summary, this comprehensive study explored the valorization of Portulaca oleracea L. from the Algerian Southeast Sahara, covering its ethnopharmacological, ecological, physiological, phytochemical, and therapeutic aspects, culminating in the development of an effective galenic formulation.Item Portulaca oleracea L. des zones arides: étude écologique, enquête ethno-pharmacologique et formulation galénique(2024) bousbia brahim aidaAbstract: This research was conducted to study the valorization of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) from the Algerian Southeast Sahara region. The study involved ethnopharmacological, ecological, physiological, phytochemical, and therapeutic aspects, culminating in the development of a galenic (pharmaceutical) formulation using the plant's roots and aerial parts. The ethnopharmacological survey provided crucial information about the use of purslane in cuisine and traditional medicine, including its anti-inflammatory, dental, antiseptic, and anticarcinogenic properties. The ecological assessment showed high diversity and balanced distribution of purslane across the studied locations, with around 60% similarity between the biological communities. The physiological study revealed that purslane is rich in organic and mineral matter, particularly in the aerial parts. It has the ability to regulate moisture and adapt to dry conditions. The carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and crude fiber contents varied between the plant parts. The phytochemical analysis identified phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid, naringin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid, with higher levels in the roots compared to the aerial parts. The antioxidant activity was higher in the aerial parts, while the root extracts exhibited stronger antibacterial properties. The galenic formulation study showed that creams made with purslane, using either vaseline or lanolin as a base, as well as the plant's mucilage, were more effective than the pharmaceutical reference creams used as positive controls. Statistical analysis indicated that the lanolin-based creams at different concentrations were the most effective, with an optimal healing rate achieved at a concentration of 9.6%. In summary, this comprehensive study explored the valorization of Portulaca oleracea L. from the Algerian Southeast Sahara, covering its ethnopharmacological, ecological, physiological, phytochemical, and therapeutic aspects, culminating in the development of an effective galenic formulation. ------------- الملخص: في إطار تثمين الموارد النباتية، تم تنفيذ هذا العمل الذي يهدف إلى دراسةصيدلانية عرقية والدراسةالإيكولوجية والفيزيولوجية والفيزيولوجية والفيزيوكيميائية لنبات Portulaca oleracea L.التي توجت بالتركيبة العلاجيةللأجزاء الجذرية والهوائية للنبات. التي تم جمعها من منطقتين في الجنوب الشرقي للصحراء الجزائرية. وقد وفر الاستبيان الخاص بالدراسة الصيدلانية العرقية للنبات معلومات أساسية عن الصنف المعني. وقد ساعدتنا هذه المعلومات على فهم تنوع وخصائص هذا النبات في مختلف مناطق الدراسة، واستكشفنا كيفية استخدامه في الطبخ والتداوي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، اكتشفنا أن نبات الرجلة يُستخدم أيضًا في الطب التقليدي لخصائصه المضادة للالتهابات، ومضادات التهاب الأسنان، والمطهرة والمضادة للسرطان. تم حساب المؤشرات البيئية من نتائج المسوحات التي أجريت خلال بحثنا ، أظهرت جميع المحطات تنوعاً كبيراً وتنوعا بيولوجيا عاليا ، وتوزيعاً أكثر توازناً للفئات، فضلاً عن تشابه يصل إلى 60% بين المجتمعات البيولوجية. أظهرت الدراسة الفسيولوجية أن الأس الهيدروجيني كان متعادلاً بشكل عام لكن قيم التوصيل الكهربائي ونسبة الرماد اختلفت حسب نوع التربة، الرجلة غنية جداً بالمواد العضوية والمعدنية وتحديداً الأجزاء الهوائية، هذا النوع لديه القدرة على تعديل الرطوبة والتكيف مع الجفاف،تقدير الكربوهيدرات أظهر انها متقاربة لكن مستويات الدهون والبروتين والألياف الخام متفاوتة. فيما يخص الجانب الفيتوكيميائي ، فإن النتائج الكمية والنوعية للمركبات الفينولية في المستخلص،أظهرت تميز مركبات البوليفينول بارتفاع مستواها في الجذور مقارنة بالأجزاء الهوائية. تم إجراء التحليل النوعي و الكمي للمستخلصات الخام بواسطة HPLC وفقاً لنتائجنا، نلاحظ وجود حمض الكلوروجينيك والنارينجين الموجودان في جميع الأجزاء وفي جميع المستخلصات, كما كان حمض الغاليك وحمض الكافيين موجودين أيضاً في 09 مستخلصات، وكذلك حمض الفانيلين وحمض الكوماريك اللذين كانا موجودين بشكل معتدل، بينما كان الروتين أقل المركبات الفينولية وجوداً. من الأطياف المقدمة بواسطة FTIR تم تحديد نوع وقيم حزم الامتصاص الطيفي ، وهي O-H، C=C، C=C، S-O، N-H، C-C/C-O؛ وفقاً للنتائج التي تم الحصول عليها في النشاطية المضادة للأكسدة لاحظنا أن عينات الأجزاء الهوائية لهاأفضل نشاط مضاد للأكسدة ، ولها SPFذو حماية ضعيفة بالنسبة لغالبية مستخلصات الجزء الجذري خاصة.بالنسبة للنشاطية البكتيرية أظهرت الطريقة السائلة قوة مضادة للبكتيريا كما لاحظنا أن الجزء الجذري له قوة تثبيط أكثر أهمية من الجزء الهوائي. في جانب التحضيرة الصيدلانية، تمت مراقبة الفئران لمدة 20 يوماً؛ حيث لاحظنا أن جميع الكريمات المصنوعة من نبات الرجلة. سواء القائمة على الفازلين أو القائمة على اللانولين، وكذلك عصارة الرجلة أظهرت فعالية أفضل من الكريمات الصيدلانية سيكاتريل بيو وزيتا 2% المستخدمة كشاهد إيجابي، وأظهر التصنيف الإحصائي أن جميع الكريمات القائمة على اللانولين وبتركيزات مختلفة كانت الأكثر فعالية. باستخدام دالة الانحدار حددنا أقصى سرعة شفاء ممكنة حيث (9.6%) هو التركيز المطلوب. ------------- Résumé: Dans le cadre de la valorisation des phytoressources, on a réalisé ce travail qui vise des études ethno-pharmacologiques, écologiques, physiologiques, phytochimiques et thérapeutiques couronnées par la formulation galénique, à partir des racines et des parties ariennes de Portulacaoleracea L. récoltés de deux régions du Sud-Est du Sahara Algérienne. Le questionnaire ethnopharmacologique sur le pourpier, a permis d'obtenir des informations essentielles sur le taxon en question. Ces informations nous ont aidés à comprendre la diversité et les caractéristiques de cette plante dans différentes régions. Nous avons exploré ses modes d'utilisation en cuisine et en médecine. De plus, nous avons découvert que le pourpier est également utilisé en médecine traditionnelle pour ses propriétés anti-inflammatoires, dentaires, antiseptiques et ses bienfaits anticancérigènes. Les indices écologiques ont été calculés suite aux résultats des relevées établies au cours de nos recherches. En résumé, toutes les stations présentent une grande diversité et un potentiel élevé en termes de variété de catégories distinctes, et une répartition plus équilibrée des catégories, ainsi qu’une similitude entre les communautés biologiques qui atteint 60 %. L'étude physiologique montre que le pH a été en général neutre, mais les valeurs de conductivité électrique et le pourcentage de cendres varient selon le type de sol. Le pourpier est très riche en matière organique et minérale, spécifiquement les parties aériennes. Cette espèce a une capacité de réguler l’humidité et de s’adapter à la sécheresse. Enfin, les teneurs en carbohydrates sont proches mais les taux des lipides, protéines et des fibres brutes ont été variantes. Du côté phytochimique, les résultats quantitatifs et qualitatifs des composés phénoliques de l’extrait ont montré que les polyphénols se caractérisent par un taux élevé au niveau des racines comparé aux parties aériennes. L'analyse qualitative des extraits bruts a été réalisée par HPLC. Selon nos résultats, nous remarquons la présence de l’acide Chlorogénique et du Naringine qui sont présents sur toutes les parties et dans tous les extraits. L’acide Gallique et l’Acide Caféique sont aussi fortement présents au niveau de 09 extraits, ainsi que la Vanilline et l’acide p-Coumarique qui ont une présence modérée, le Rutin et le composé phénolique le moins présent. À partir des spectres présentés par FTIR le type et les valeurs des faisceaux d’absorption spectrale pour ces fonctions ont été déterminés, à savoir : O-H, C=C, S-O, N-H et C-C/C-O ; Selon les résultats obtenus dans l'activité antioxydante, nous avons noté que les échantillons des parties aériennes ont une meilleure activité antioxydante, et ont une faible protection d’SPF surtout pour la majorité de extraits de la partie racinale ; la méthode liquide a montré un pouvoir antibactérien important ou nous avons remarqué que la partie racinale a un pouvoir d’inhibition plus important que celui de la partie aérienne. Dans le coté de formulation Galénique les rats ont été suivit pendant 20 jours ; ou nous avons remarqué que tout le crème réalisé à base de Portulacaoleracea L. soit à base de vaseline ou à base de lanoline, ainsi que le mucilage du pourpier, ont montré une efficacité meilleure à celle des crèmes pharmaceutique Cicatryl Bio et Zeta 2% utilisé comme témoin positive, et le classement statistique montre que toutes les crèmes à bases de lanoline et à différentes concentrations sont les plus efficaces, En utilisant la fonction de régression nous avons déterminer la vitesse de guérison maximale possible où (9.6%) est la concentration souhaitée.Item Contribution à l’étude de l’effet de l’irrigation par les eaux usées épurées et les mécanismes de détoxification chez le radis (Raphanus sativus L.) : analyse agronomique et écotoxicologique(2024-02-24) Youcef GUEFASSAفي إطار دراسة إعادة الاستخدام الزراعي لمياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة وتأثيرها على المحاصيل المسقية. تم إجراء بحث في منطقة سدراتة (سوق أهراس)، وهي منطقة نموذجية تنتمي إلى نطاق مسقي كبير يعتمد على مياه سد وادي الشارف، الذي يتم تزويده بمياه مياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة على مستوى محطة سدراتة، وذلك من خلال تشخيص جودتها ومدى ملاءمتها للري خلال فترتين مختلفتين (شتوية ماطرة وخريفية جافة). تم خلال هذا البحث اختيار الفجل (Raphanus sativus L.) كنموذج للدراسة. يشير التحليل الفيزيوكيميائي والميكروبيولوجي الذي تم إجراؤه على مواقع أخذ عينات المياه الثلاثة في هذه المنطقة (عند مخرج محطة معالجة المياه (W1) وبعد الوصول إلى مصبها: واد الشارف (W2) والسد المشيد على مستواه(W3)) إلى أن هذه المياه هي في الغالب "مصدرها منزلي" حيث لاحظنا انخفاض التلوث بالمعادن الثقيلة، وعدم وجود عينات شديدة الحموضة أو القاعدية. من ناحية أخرى، فإن ملوحتها نوعا ما مرتفعة خاصة مياه سد واد الشارف (W3). ومن خلال تقييم مدى ملاءمة مياه المواقع الثلاث المنتقاة للري (وفقًا لمؤشرات جودة مياه الري IWQI)، أمكن ملاحظة أن تصنيف المياه المعالجة في هذه المنطقة ومدى ملاءمتها للاستخدام قد يختلف من فترة إلى أخرى. بشكل عام، تعتبر قابلة لإعادة الاستخدام وفقًا لمؤشرات SAR وCROSS وIP و MH وRSBC ومع ذلك، فإنها حسب المؤشرات PS وKR وTH، تعتبر غير مناسبة للري الزراعي، خاصة خلال فترة الخريف الجافة. وبالتالي يتطلب إعادة استخدامها بشكل دائم مزيدًا من الحيطة والحذر. لإثبات تأثير هذه المياه على التربة، سجلنا زيادة ملحوظة في خطر الصودنة (Sodicité) على إثر استعمال مياه محطة المعالجة (W1) على وجه الخصوص، على الرغم من أن هذه الدراسة قد امتدت على مدى فترة قصيرة إلى حد ما (خمسة "05" أسابيع). مياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة عند مخرج محطة المعالجة تتوافق بشكل عام مع المعايير المطلوبة لتكون قابلة لإعادة الاستخدام الزراعي. تم ملاحظة ذلك جيدًا من خلال مؤشرات الإنبات ونمو شتلات الفجل التي أظهرت لنا تأثيرًا ايجابيا لهذا النوع من المياه، على عكس مياه السد المالحة التي كان لها تأثير سلبي نوعا ما. كذلك ونظرًا لغناها بالعناصر الغذائية، فإن مياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة (W1) ومياه واد الشارف (W2) ساعدت على النمو الجيد ما أدى الى إنتاج محصول في المستوى (كميًا ونوعيًا) لهذا النبات. سمح التحليل البكتريولوجي أيضًا بمعرفة أن مستوى تلوث نبات الفجل بواسطة بكتيريا القولون والمكورات العقدية وايشيرشيا كولي، بعيد عن عتبة احداث العدوى المترتبة عن إستهلاكه وبالتالي فالمحصول مقبولًا للتسويق. إثر دراسة تأثير هذه المياه على المستوى الكيموحيوي ونظام مضادات الأكسدة في النبات تحت ظروف خاضعة للمراقبة جزئيا، اكتشفنا ان مياه الصرف المعالجة (بالمقارنة بمياه الشاهد) أدت الى اجهاد تُرجم عن طريق تقليل نسبة أصبغة اليخضور والبروتينات الكلية، بالإضافة إلى زيادة نسبة الماء المؤكسج. الا ان نباتات الفجل استجابت لهذا الإجهاد عن طريق زيادة تركيب الجلوتاثيون، ونشاط الانزيمات المضادة للأكسدة (الجلوتاثيون بيروكسيداز، الأسكوربات بيروكسيداز والجلوتاثيون- S- ترانسفيراز). ----------- As part of the study of agricultural reuse of treated wastewater and its effect on irrigated plants. An investigation took place in the Sedrata area (Souk-Ahras), a typical region belonging to a large perimeter mainly irrigated by the Oued Charef dam, which is supplied by the treated wastewaters of Sedrata sewage plant, in order to diagnose its quality and suitability for irrigation during two different periods (rainy winter and dry autumn). The radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was chosen as a study model. The physicochemical and microbiological diagnosis carried out on the three water sampling sites in this region (at the exit of the ST-EP (W1) and after joining their natural environment: Oued Charef (W2), and its dam (W3)) indicates that these waters are of a predominantly ‘domestic’ character with reduced contamination by heavy metals, and the absence of highly acidic or alkaline discharges. On the other hand, they represent a fairly significant risk of salinity, particularly the waters of the Oued Charef dam (W3). By evaluating the suitability of water from the sites for irrigation (according to IWQI quality indices), it can be seen that the classification of treated water in this region and its suitability for use can vary from one period to another. Overall, they are considered reusable according to the SAR, CROSS, IP, MH, and RSBC indices. However, in terms of PS, KR and TH, they are considered unsuitable for agricultural irrigation, particularly during the dry autumn period. This makes their permanent reuse require more caution and special attention. To highlight the effect of these waters on the soil, we observed a dubious increase in the risk of sodicity, particularly for ST-EP waters (W1), although this study was spread over a short period (five ‘05’ weeks).” The treated wastewater at the exit of the Sedrata ST-EP (W1) generally meets the required standards for reuse. This is well observed through the germination and growth indices of radish seedlings, which show a stimulating effect of this type of water, as opposed to saline dam waters, which have a rather negative effect. Similarly, due to their richness in nutrients, treated wastewater (W1) and Oued Charef water (W2) have favored good growth and a good yield (quantitative and qualitative) of this root vegetable (Raphanus sativus L.). The bacteriological analysis also indicates that the level of contamination of radish crops by coliforms, streptococci, and Escherichia coli is far from being infectious after ingestion and admissible for commercialization. For the study of the effect of these waters on a biochemical scale and the oxidant-antioxidant system in radish under semi-controlled conditions. The treated waters revealed a stressful effect translated by a reduction in chlorophyll pigments and total proteins, as well as an increase in hydrogen peroxide. Plants react to this stress by increasing the synthesis of reduced glutathione, the activity of glutathione peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase. ------ Dans le cadre de l’étude de la réutilisation agricole des eaux usées épurées et leur effet sur les plantes irriguées. Une investigation s'est déroulée auprès de la zone Sedrata (Souk-Ahras), une région typique appartenant à un grand périmètre irrigué principalement par les eaux du barrage d’Oued Charef alimenté par les eaux traitées de la ST-EP Sedrata, afin de diagnostiquer leur qualité et leur aptitude à l’irrigation durant deux périodes différentes (hivernale pluvieuse et automnale sèche). Le radis (Raphanus sativus L.) a été choisi comme modèle d’étude. L’analyse physico-chimique et bactériologique mené sur les trois sites de prélèvement des eaux de cette région (à la sortie de la ST-EP (W1) et après rejoindre leur milieu naturel : Oued Charef (W2), et son barrage (W3)) indique que ces eaux sont du caractère à dominance « domestique » avec contamination réduite par les ETM, et absence des déversements hautement acides ou alcalins. D’autre part, elles représentent un risque assez important de salinité notamment les eaux de barrage d’Oued Charef (W3). En évaluant l’aptitude des eaux de trois sites à l’irrigation (selon les indices de qualité IWQI), on constate que la classification des eaux épurées de cette région et leur aptitude à être utilisées peut varier d’une période à l’autre. Dans l’ensemble, elles sont considérées comme réutilisables selon les indices SAR, CROSS, IP, MH et RSBC. Cependant, en termes de PS, KR et TH, sont considérés comme impropres à l’irrigation agricole, en particulier durant la période automnale sèche. Ce qui rend leur réutilisation permanente nécessite plus de précaution et une attention particulière. Pour la mise en évidence de l’effet de ces eaux sur le sol, nous avons observé une augmentation douteuse du risque de sodicité notamment pour les eaux de la ST-EP (W1) bien que cette étude ait été étalée sur une période plus au moins courte (Cinq « 05 » semaines). Les eaux usées traitées à la sortie de la ST-EP Sedrata répondent dans l’ensemble aux normes requises pour être réutilisables. Ceci est bien constaté via les indices de germination et de croissance des plantules de radis qui nous montrent un effet stimulant de ce type d’eau, à l’inverse des eaux de barrage salines qui ont un effet plutôt négatif. De même, en vue de leur richesse en éléments nutritifs les eaux usées traitées (W1) et les eaux d’Oued Charef (W2) ont favorisé la bonne croissance et le bon rendement (quantitatif et qualitatif) de ce légume racine (Raphanus sativus L.). L’analyse bactériologique nous indique aussi que le niveau de contamination des cultures du radis par les coliformes, streptocoques et Escherichia coli est loin d’être infectieux après ingestion et admissible pour être commercialisable. Pour l’étude de l’effet de ces eaux à l’échelle biochimique et le système oxydant-antioxydant chez le radis sous les conditions semi-contrôlées. Les eaux épurées ont révélé un effet stressant traduit par une réduction des pigments chlorophylliens et des protéines totales, ainsi qu’une augmentation du peroxyde d’hydrogène. Les plantes réagissent à ce stress en augmentant la synthèse du glutathion réduit, l’activité de la glutathion peroxydase, de l’ascorbate peroxydase et de la glutathione-S-transférase.Item